Challenges in classifying normal and abnormal behavior

Challenges in classifying normal and abnormal behavior When defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior in psychology, culture is one of the challenges that a therapist faces when assessing a client (Nairne, 2008). This is because a certain disorder is classified differently by people from different cultures. There are cultures that allow a broad diversity of behaviors than others and some behaviors. In addition, in such cultures some behaviors are not classified as abnormal but unique or just extraordinary. The presence of diverse cultures with different perspective on daily life makes it difficult to have fix standards which can be used to define and classify normal and abnormal behaviors. Every society has its cultural standards that define a normal and an abnormal behavior. In some culture an individual is considered to have a psychological disorder only when he violates the social norm of the society (Haviland, Walrath & Prins, 2007). This makes it difficult for some individuals to access attention from a therapist for ex ample those who suffer from anxiety disorders that are characterized by social withdrawal. Such individuals do not violate or affect directly the norms of a society and thus such disorders may be disregarded. Cultural deviance makes it difficult to identify and classify normal and abnormal because behaviors are classified not on the effects they have on the individual but on the effect the behavior has in the society (Haviland, Walrath & Prins, 2007). A behavior that violates the welfare of the society is the one regarded as abnormal while that which does not is normal. Most of the psychological disorders affect the individual and not the society especially when the disorder is at early stages. When the disorder is at its severity that is when the individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s behavior may be noticeable by the society. These facts have made it impossible to use cultural deviance alone to classify what is normal or abnormal behavior (Nairne, 2008). The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder is a manual with standardized classification and definition of behaviors. However, culture may be used to access a patient by considering how the individual relates with the society. Some culture aspects considered when assessing the client include involvement in social work and productivity. If reported that there is reduced social interaction for quite some time, this is a feature important in diagnosing mental disorders. Are some anxiety disorders more difficult to treat than others? What are some treatment options? Depending on the level of severity, there are anxiety disorders that are easier to treat than others (Evans, 2007). There are those which are approached while at their early stages and while in mild state, these are easier to treat and the method of treatment may involve use of one treatment option such as relaxation technique and may take short time, like two months, for the patient o recover. Those which are treated when at seve re state such as the generalized anxiety disorder which is a chronic anxiety disorder may require use of complex treatment methods and one method is not sufficient. There require a combination of therapy, medication and complementary treatment methods and the patients take a long time, like years, to recover .

The Significance of Lyrics in a Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Significance of Lyrics in a Song - Essay Example The significance of words in a song is very well known. Indeed words are the building blocks of the songs. Any song writer will know the relevance of the words for its composition. It is the words that cause a stir in the minds of the song composer and as a result of this kind of effect; the song takes its birth. The song writer often uses special techniques so as to blend the words, to make the song quite unique and at the same time inspire the listeners. Indeed this could be considered as the real history behind the production of the songs. It is through this process by which the great song composers have been able to produce the greatest songs, ever known in the history of mankind. The power of the words is so much that, it can make the mind of the composer as well as the listener to get motivated and boosted up and take oneself to an elevated magical platform, where the inner meaning of the words can be visualized and realized. For this reason they are extremely choosy about the words and feel that a song’s whole power lies in it. ... Thus based on the song written the music is composed in such a way that, the tune fits very well with the words or lyrics and gives a unique experience to the listener. (www.scribd.com ) This technique is most commonly used in the case of popular song creation and very well seen in the case of the national anthem, where the tunes and the melody composed is made to fit with the text that is being written. It is always seen that in a majority of cases the music composers are not expert song writers due to which, they rely heavily on the lyrics and the poems written by others. This has been the common practice among the music composers down the ages and belonging to different nationalities. Almost in all the countries like England, Germany and America this system has been practiced. Examples are Franz Schubert who had been a very well known German music composer, very well relied on the poetry of many famous German poets like Heinrich Heine and many others. Aaron Copland the American mu sic composer was very much attracted to the poetry, that was written by Emily Dickinson and almost all the major musical works were based on the verses of this poet. (www.poets.org ) Thus history has been filled with several such cases which very well prove that, the greatest music composers the world over have been very much inspired by the verses of poetry written by the great poets. They get inspiration from them and tune their music based on the settings and text of the poems. It has been seen that in the modern day, it is not only the traditional music composers who tune their songs based on the poetry works but also the various rock bands and pop bands also compose the music, taking direct inspiration from the poetic

Business administration - Program Capstone Essay

Business administration - Program Capstone - Essay Example Moreover, a manager must specify objectives and prioritize interests, values, concerns and aspirations. Also a manager, who is aware of both short-term and long-term implications of a decision and have a 360 degree approach, makes better decisions (George, 2000). In order to achieve desirable results and better decision making, a manager must identify the purpose of decision and clarify all the uncertainties involved. The amount of risk that a situation at hand can tolerate must be carefully evaluated. Multiple ideas must be generated and a manager should not adopt a particular perspective, desisting a multidimensional approach of making better decisions. Perhaps the most crucial aspect of making better decisions is reviewing the steps and looking for the implications of it in order to revise them and take corrective actions. In the realm of decision making, assumptions are accepted cause and effect relationships that provides basis for actions and create useful what if scenarios to simulate different realities or possible situations (Facione,2007). However, they can be dangerous when accepted as realities without proper investigations. With respect to assumptions, the firm I worked with had its own perceptions of issues.

Has Composites in Aircraft Design made Aircraft Safer Essay - 1

Has Composites in Aircraft Design made Aircraft Safer - Essay Example This essay describes technological presentations that have been more influential in the airline industries have been those that accord easier navigation and increase the performance in speed. The inclusion of composite materials in the construction of aircraft has transformed the airline industry into a leading transporter, with competition heightened in the technologies applied. The performance of the airline industry has been boosted by the implication within the structural composition that has ensured elevated results in the functionality of the mechanism. Composite elements have been a vital entity and provision in presenting the needed results and performance within the aircraft. These materials have elevated the composition within the aircraft with exemplary physical composition and resistance to pressure exerted in the attitudes. The inclusion of composite elements in the transportation airline industry had been realized in the developments within the Boeing 787 in 2011. Despi te the immaturity of the implementation of the aspect within the commercialized transport industry, the composite materials have realized increased benefits rather than setbacks. The composite materials that had been first applied in the tail of the Boeing 777 noticed application within the transportation industry. The materials applied had included the combination of glass fibers and epoxy. These materials reduced the weight of the aircraft presenting the provision that accords more resistance when the corrosion aspect involved.

A Visit To A Jewish Synagogue

A Visit To A Jewish Synagogue Judaism is the oldest and one of the most practiced religions in the world. It was originated when God called Abraham and ordered him to take his people to Canaan, the Promised Land. There, it was signed like an agreement between God and the Jews because they were the chosen people to extend the law of God. It is considered Abraham the father of the Jews and Christians, because he descended from the Jewish people. Another important descendant in the origin of the religion was Moses, who were handed the tables of the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai. The source of the Jewish doctrine is divine in revelation contained in the Torah. It is also a guide of living. Judaism also has very complex purity laws of food. It is allow to eat all plant products, terrestrial animals if they are all ruminants with cloven-hoofed with the exception of the pork, the hare, the camel, etc. Birds are also allowed, all are permitted except the birds of prey. Also sea animals are allowed but only those fish that have scales and fins. In addition the animals must be slaughtered by an expert killer. He must followed all the rabbinical laws for killing, which require, among other things, the disgorging, for which the animal loses all his blood, food prohibit for the Jewish, and the detailed inspection of certain viscera to verify that the animal has no default to be prohibited. After that he must eliminate certain nerves and the fat. Finally, before cooking the meat it has to be treated with water and salt to miss the last traces of blood. In addition it i s important to separate at the time of cooking and eating, meat products and dairy products, also maintaining separate cooking tools for each group. The rabbi is an expert of the study of Torah, which also has obtained the certification to exercise it. His mission is to ensure that believer follows correctly the cult, ensure the implementation of the procedures and teaching, interpreting, implementing and always studying the Torah. He can occupy the position of spiritual leader of a synagogue, a community or a set of them. But regardless of the position, his authority will be determined not for reasons of hierarchy, on the contrary by the prestige given by his knowledge and recognition of it in Jewish society. The usual place of worship on the Jewish religion is the synagogue. Together with the Temple is the most important institution of Judaism. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem the synagogue became the center and central point of the religious Jewish life. It inherited many of the customs and rituals of the Temple but there were some of them that were prohibited because they were exclusive of the Temple, for example the prayer became the substitute for the sacrifices. Since many years ago to the functions of the synagogue as a center for prayer, study and teaching it also became as the center of community and place of meeting for treating all kinds of issues related to the community life. Also, in the synagogue or in its buildings there was everything necessary for the Jewish life, for example the headquarters of rabbinical court, the ritual bath, hospice for hosting travelers, among others. The religious service, established in the Talmud, has remained without basic changes along their 2,500 years of history, and only with time has suffered some extensions that vary between communities to others. In the synagogue it is held three times a day, at sunset, at sunrise and at noon, the prayers community in the presence of a minimum of ten (10) men older than thirteen (13) years. Besides the followers there is present the rabbi, where he reads aloud the texts of prayer. The worship prayers to God are all in Hebrew with some fragments are in Aramaic. They consist in passages of Psalms and other books of the Bible. In the service of Monday, Thursday, Saturdays and holidays it is read the Torah. In each week they read a section so the cycle of reading will be completed in the course of the year. The reading is follows by a passage of the biblical books of Prophets where they are related with the section of the Torah. During the prayer men must cover their head with any hat or skullcap. Also they cover themselves with a kind mantle of rectangular shape usually made of wool, white and blue stripes or black. Within the festive calendar the most important institution of Judaism is the sabat (Saturday), which reminds each week the divine resting in the seventh day. The celebration homeschooling starts before sunset on friday, lighting the housewife in the second house candelas sabbaticals on which should read the corresponding blessing. The meals, such as the remaining festivities, starting with a prayer of sanctification (quidà ºs) on a cup full of wine and another blessing on two loaves of bread. The evening of Saturday, another sentence parallel mark the separation (habdalà ¡) between the holy day just and profane that begins; it aspires the smell of spices stored in a bowl, lights a candle and drink a glass of wine, all accompanied by the blessings. Another of its festivals most famous in the Yom Kippur or Day of Atonement, which culminates the ten days of penitence of New Year (September). It is a day of reflection and repentance in which it must save fasting. The Yom Kippur (Day of forgiveness or of atonement) is the most solemn of the Jewish calendar and with it culminates the ten days of penitence initiated with the new Year. It is a day of fasting, devoted to repentance and to ask forgiveness of sins committed against God, against himself and against the neighbor; for forgiveness for the latter there to repair the damage caused, but without the repair and repentance are sufficient when the neighbor is a non-Jewish. The religious services in the synagogue last throughout the day; it starts with the sentence Kal nidrà ©, in which it seeks the annulment of the votes are not met, and closes with a touch of sofar. Of the ceremonies mandatory of the life cycle, the first is the circumcision (berit milà ¡) of the man jewish eighth day of his birth and provided that the health of the newborn permits, in a sign of the alliance (berit) of the people with God, as ordered Abraham in Gen 17.11-12. In the circumcision is imposed on the child a Hebrew name and must be performed a professional (mohel) with the necessary religious knowledge and skills. A month and a day of birth a firstborn, according to the law should devote themselves to God, performed the ceremony of pidià ³n haben (rescue of the child) the father it is deposited in the arms of a kohà ©n (priest) and then what recalls delivering a sum of money symbolic. The marriage ceremony consists of two consecutive stages: (a) the betrothal, with the consecration (quidusà ­n), in which the boyfriend placed in the finger of the bride gold ring, and the reading ritual of marriage contract and its provisions (cohen), among which are the obligations that the man takes on himself as a husband and compensation to be paid to women in the event of divorce; and (b) the remarriage (nisuà ­n), with the recitation of the seven blessings. During the ceremony the bride and groom remain under a palio (hupà ¡), which symbolizes the thalamus bridal, and the groom must break a glass placed their feet, act designed to evoke the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem. The 13 years the male jewish reaches the age of majority religious, that is, it becomes bar misvà ¡ (subject to the precepts), being from then responsible for their actions. In the holding the child sits for the first time the tallith and the tefilà ­n, and is traditional to be invited to the synagogue to read in the Torah the fragment that corresponds to it.

These three poems are all based upon time, they all show time passing :: English Literature

These three poems are all based upon time, they all show time passing and how it effects human life and nature. to his coy These three poems are all based upon time, they all show time passing and how it effects human life and nature. ‘to his coy mistress’ shows time passing as the poet tries to say that time doesn’t last forever , and that you should make the most if youth, because one day it will all be over and you will be getting old. ‘to the virgins make much of time’ also shows a very similar approach of how you should make the most.’Ozymandias’ shows time passing by saying that structures will out do people and that nothing can prevent time stopping, eventually it will catch up on us all. The poem to his coy mistress’ is a poem of great passion to ask the woman if she will date him and also go to bed with him. It is a poem of originality and the language used in the poem is very soft texture and content. The poem is split up into three sections one part is ‘if’, the second part is ‘but, and the last part is therefore. All theses show a different view of how he is persuading her to do all these things. The rhythm and rhyme of the poem to reinforce the arguments a used by rhyming couplets, which create a light hearted approach on the poem. The first two lines of the poem relate to the subject of time by saying, that if there was enough time and if life was longer then we could see much more things and, do more things with each other, it also uses the word crime which I used to show that it is no crime for us to do things together. The third and fourth lines show the man and the woman and how they could live their lives without rushing, because life would be longer than before. On lines 5-7 the poet compares the woman to the Ganges and himself to the Humber is used as a tone of mockery and is meant to be a joke. Line 10 shows the ‘flood’ which is a biblical reference showing that he will love her even before this point. On line 23-25 it shows how she will get old very quick and that you should make the most of your life, because one day it will be forgotten and your beauty will have faded. On lines 28-29 there are stops before the end, this is the poet

Kentucky Fried Chicken Case Study Essay

The case focuses on four major topics: (1) analysis of the fast-food industry from both a domestic and an international point of view; (2) the development of KFC’s business strategy from 1992 to 1996; (3) an analysis of KFC’s investment strategy in Mexico and Latin America; and (4) the Mexican peso crisis of 1995. This case begins by analyzing the strategic changes that took place in Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation (KFC) as it moved through a variety of ownership changes from the 1950s through the 1980s: (1) KFC’s founding by â€Å"Colonel† Harland Sanders in 1954; (2) the sale of KFC to Jack Massey and John Young Brown, Jr., in 1964; (3) Heublein’s acquisition of KFC in 1971; (4) the acquisition of Heublein by R. J. Reynolds in 1982; and (5) PepsiCo’s acquisition of KFC in 1986. As such, the case provides an opportunity to examine issues related to corporate diversification/ acquisition strategy and business portfolio management. The case also discusses the U.S. fast-food industry and its international dimension. It also examines KFC’s international strategy with a particular focus on Mexico, providing a vehicle for discussion of risks and opportunities of doing business in a foreign country. Some of the Strategic Issues and Discussion Questions for This Case Include: 1. How did different corporate parentage-under Heublein, R. J. Reynolds, and PepsiCo-affect KFC? 2. What motivated the three international corporations to buy KFC? 3. Can you identify any added value that each of these three firms brought to KFC? 4. What are the driving forces in the fast-food industry? 5. Using the five forces model, assess the strength of each force within the fast-food industry. 6. Complete a SWOT analysis for KFC.  7. In what ways is KFC positioned to take advantage of the industry’s key success factors? 8. What are the major strategic issues surrounding KFC’s decision to expand or freeze growth in Mexico?

PRACTICAL REPORT ON THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CODEINE AND PARACETAMOL Essay

Codeine or methyl morphine, an alkaloid, was first isolated in 1832 from raw opium. It concentration ranges from 0.2% to 0.8%. Mostly used for its analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrheal capabilities (Tremlett, Anderson and Wolf, 2010). Paracetamol also known as acetaminophen (n-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) on the other hand, is a useful non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is commonly used in the management of pain and fever in a variety of patients (Kamberi, et al., 2004). Fig 1: Codeine[NCBI, 2009] Fig 2: Acetaminophen[NCBI, 2009] One of the technique involved in the extraction of codeine and paracetamol from its matrix, is the solvent extraction otherwise known as liquid – liquid extraction. This process entails the use of two immiscible liquids usually chloroform and water; in dissolving the sample for two distinctive layers to form after the mixture had been thoroughly shaken together (Rubinson and Rubinson, 1998). Separating the components of the extract, is done through the use of Thin Layer Chromatography. It is one of the standard procedures used in many forensic laboratory when analysizing unknown drugs or mixtures (Howlett and Steiner, 2011). Separation of the mixtures occur based on the pH, polarity of its components, solvent and the thin layer stationary phase (Howlett and Steiner, 2011). METHODS: The finely divided sample was dissolved in 20ml of distilled water. This was then basified with NaOH solution to pH 12 using litmus paper. The resulting solution was later filtered. 1.0ml of chloroform was pipetted into the filtrate. After shaken and combined, two distinctive layers was observed. The bottom layer was extracted thrice using a micro- pipette. On a thin chromatography plate, five spots were placed ( as shown in table 2) and the  plate was developed using chloroform/methanol. This was later visualized with dragendorff’s reagent under the UV light. All separated components were observed, identified and recorded. RESULTS: Table of observed pH SOLUTIONInitial pHFinal pH Basified sample1012 TABLE 1 Table of Retention factor (RF value) Rf = Distance travelled by the substance (cm) Distance travelled by the solvent (cm) SUBSTANCEDistance travelled by substance (cm)Distance travelled by Solvent (cm)Retention factor value (Rf) Chloroform extract3.04.00.75 Codeine positive control3.04.00.75 Paracetamol positive control4.04.01.00 Chloroform (negative control) 3.54.00.86 Diluted sample4.04.01.00 TABLE 2 DIAGRAM: Fig 3: The Developed Chromatographic Plate. DISCUSSION: Running the chloroform extracts and diluted sample together with two positive controls and a negative control on a single chromatographic plate simultaneously, the retention factor(Rf) of five different samples were determined. The RF value of the chloroform extract(0.75) tallied with that of the codeine positive control and that of diluted sample(1.00) with the paracetamol positive control. This tentatively shows that, codeine and paracetamol were present in the sample. The solvent front(i.e distance travelled by the mixed solvents) is 4cm, this is quite close to the distances covered by all separated components(between 3 – 3.5cm), which makes the retention factors, not a true representative of their actual values. It was later discovered that, this is due to not allowing the  chromatographic plate to develop for a longer period of time in the solvent tank. The solvent front also dried up quickly when the plate is taken out., making drawing a line at that point quite diffic ult. Fortunately, this was overcome by the use of visualizing spray and UV lamp. Solvent extraction(liquid-liquid), involved selective movement of components of a substance in microgram to gram quantities between two immiscible liquid phase; its separation and selectivity is based on solubility differences and pH control respectively (Fifield and Kealey, 1995). This was observed when chloroform was added to the basified filtrate. After vigorous shaking and settling down, chloroform being more dense, composed the bottom layer, with the aqueous phase up. Liquid-liquid extraction often involved high volume of organic solvents and poor resolution of mixtures of organic materials (Fifield and Kealey, 1995). Thin Layer Chromatography is usually employed in the qualitative analysis of mixtures of non-volatile compounds like pharmaceuticals (Skoog, et al., 2000). TLC can also be used to confirm the identity of an unknown sample ( Lewis and Evans, 2011). Dissolution of the codeine and paracetamol tablet in distilled water without weighing, shows that, TLC was never designed for semi- quantitative analysis. This is due to difficulties in reproducibly applying aliquots of the mixture to the plate and then recovering all of the separated components from the plate (Skoog, et al., 2000). CONCLUSION: Using the Rf values obtained in the table 2 above and t he visual indicator reaction with the substances under the UV light, codeine was extracted to a high degree during the solvent extraction, tentatively identified by TLC (due to its positive control having the same Rf values with the chloroform extract(0.75) and both were the only one that were seen under the UV light) while paracetamol was extracted to a low degree (due to its positive control having the same Rf with the diluted sample). Multiple compounds can share the same retention factor(Rf) or produce similar chromophores when sprayed with detection reagents (Howlett and Steiner, 2011). The study by Lewis and Evans( 2011) shows that if a spot from an unknown substance is developed on a TLC plate together with a spot from a substance that is suspected to be the unknown, and the two substance are found to have the same Rf value, they are probably the same substance. FUTURE SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Due to the limitation that is associated with using TLC to exactly identify a given sample, minimum standards for drug testing and reporting in the forensic community are recommended by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of seized drugs (SWGDRUG) (Howlett and Steiner, 2011). In order for a drug identification to be confirmed to SWGDRUG specification, additional tests must includes, Infrared spectroscopy and GC-MS (Howlett and Steiner, 2011). REFERENCES: Fifield, F. W. and Kealey, D. 1995. Principles and Practice of Analytical chemistry. (4th ed) Glasgow, Blackie Academic and professional. Howlett, S. E. and Steiner, R. R. 2011. Validation of Thin Layer Chromatography with AccuTOF-DARTâ„ ¢ Detection for Forensic Drug Analysis*. Forensic Sciences [e-journal] 56 (5), pp. 1261–1267. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk [Accessed on 11 March 2014]. Kamberi, M., Riley, C. M., Huang, C. C. and Xiaoyan, M, 2004. A validated, sensitive HPLC method for the determination of trace impurities in acetaminophen drug substance. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis [e-journal] 34 (1), pp. 123–128. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library website http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk [Accessed on 18 March 2014]. Lewis, R. and Evans, W. 2011. Chemistry. 4th ed. Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. NCBI, 2009. National Library of Medicine. [online] Available at : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pccompound [Accessed 7 April, 2014]. Rubinson, J. F. and Rubinson, K. A. 1998. Contemporary chemical analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. Skoog, D., West, D., Holler, F. and Crouch, S. 2000. Analytical Chemistry- An introduction. (7th ed). Boca raton, Thomson Learning Inc. Tremlett, M., Anderson, B. J. and Wolf, A. 2010. Pro–con debate: is codeine a drug that still has a useful role in pediatric practice? Pediatric Anesthesia [e-journal] 20 (2), pp. 183–194. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University website http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk [Accessed on 29 March 2014].